SJCCGM takes appropriate action when errors or misconduct are identified, whether before or after publication.

Corrections (Erratum/Corrigendum)

Issued when:

• Honest errors are discovered that do not invalidate the findings (minor data/label errors, author affiliation corrections).
• Corrections will be clearly linked to the original article.

Expression of Concern

May be issued when:

• There is credible suspicion of major issues (data integrity, ethics concerns) and the investigation is ongoing.

Retraction

A retraction may be issued when:

• Findings are unreliable due to major error or misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism)
• The work was published unethically (no ethics approval where required, lack of consent in case reports with identifiable details)
• Duplicate publication or serious authorship manipulation is confirmed

Retractions will:

• Clearly state the reason for retraction,
• Remain linked to the original article record,
• Preserve the scholarly record while alerting readers.

Appeals and complaints

• Authors may appeal editorial decisions with a clear scientific justification.
• Ethical complaints are investigated fairly and confidentially, and the journal may contact institutions where appropriate.